Alshafi Medicare

یہ تو سب جانتے ہیں کہ ہر انسان کے اندر دوڑنے والا خون کسی مخصوص بلڈ گروپ سے تعلق رکھتا ہے اور کچھ عوامل ہی اسے چار گروپس میں تقسیم کرتے ہیں۔

 

اور یہ تو سب کو معلوم ہے کہ خون زندگی کے لیے کتنا ضروری ہے جو جسمانی اعضاءتک غذائیت پہنچانے، آکسیجن کی فراہمی اور مختلف انفیکشن سے تحفظ دیتا ہے۔

 

مگر کیا آپ کو یہ علم ہے کہ بالغ افراد کے جسموں کے اندر اوسطاً کتنا خون ہوتا ہے؟ اور ایک وقت میں کتنے خون کے ضیاع کوبرداشت کیاجاسکتا ہے؟

 

اگر نہیں تو جان لیں کہ اوسطاً ہر شخص کے جسم میں 1.2 سے 1.5 گیلن یا ساڑھے چار سے ساڑھے پانچ لیٹر تک خون ہوتا ہے۔

 

مزید پڑھیں : خون کی کمی یا اینیمیا کیا ہے؟

 

کچھ افراد کے اندر خون کی مقدار ان کے جسمانی وزن کے آٹھ سے 10 فیصد کے برابر ہوتی ہے اور یہ مقدار چھ سال کی عمر سے جسم کاحصہ ہوتی ہے، جبکہ اس سے کم عمر بچوں میں ایک کپ کے برابر خون ہوتا ہے۔

 

تو ساڑھے چار سے ساڑھے پانچ لیٹر خون میں سے کتنی کمی جان لیوا ثابت ہوسکتی ہے؟

 

خون کا عطیہ دینے والے عام طور پرآدھا لیٹر خون ایک وقت میں بغیر کسی منفی اثر کے دیتے ہیں تاہم کسی انجری یا دیگر وجوہات کی بناءپرڈیڑھ سے دو لیٹر خون ضائع ہوجائے تو اس وقت متاثرہ فرد میں خون چڑھانے کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔

 

اگر خون کا ضیاع اس سے زیادہ ہو تو دل بلڈپریشر کو برقرار رکھنے میں ناکام ہوجاتا ہے جبکہ جسمانی رنگت زرد پڑ جاتی ہے۔

 

یہ بھی پڑھیں : خون کی رنگت سرخ مگر رگیں نیلی کیوں ہوتی ہیں؟

 

عام طور پر زیادہ جسمانی وزن والے افراد میں خون کی مقدار بھی پتلے افراد سے زیادہ ہوتی ہے اور ان میں زیادہ خون نکل جانے سے کچھ زیادہ اثر نہیں پڑتا، تاہم اگرتوند یا چربی زیادہ ہو تو پھر ضرور ان کا جسمانی نظام متاثر ہوتا ہے۔

 

اور اگر جسمانی حجم کی بات کی جائے تو سب سے بڑا جاندار بلیو وہیل ہے جس کا دل 220 لیٹر خون پمپ کرتا ہے تاکہ اتنے بڑے جسم کی ضروریات پوری کی جاسکیں۔

کیا کبھی آپ نے سوچا کہ ہمارے جسم کے اندر موجود خون تو سرخ رنگ کا ہے مگر وہ جن رگوں میں دوڑتا ہے وہ نیلی کیوں ہیںے۔

 

جسم کے تمام حصوں کو خون کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے اور اس سرخ سیال کی حرکت دل کے ذریعے پورے جسم میں ہوتی ہے، جب خون دل سے نکلتا ہے تو یہ شریانوں کے ذریعے مختلف اعضاء تک پہنچتا ہے تو یہ آکسیجن سے بھرپور ہوتا ہے اور جب یہ دل کی جانب واپس سفر کرتا ہے تو آکسیجن کی کمی کا شکار ہوتا ہے۔

 

یہی وجہ ہے کہ بیشتر افراد سمجھتے ہیں کہ جب خون دل کی جانب واپس جاتا ہے تو اس کی وجہ سے رگیں نیلی نظر آتی ہیں، حالانکہ یہ درست نہیں۔

 

پہلے تو یہ جان لیں کہ ہمارے خون کا رنگ واقعی سرخ ہوتا ہے چاہے وہ رگوں میں دوڑ رہا ہو یا کسی زخم سے رس رہا ہو یا دل کی جانب واپس جارہا ہو۔

 

مزید پڑھیں : ناک کے نیچے یہ لکیر 'سی' کیوں ہوتی ہے؟

 

مگر جہاں تک رگوں کی بات ہے تو وہاں روشنی ہماری آنکھوں کو دھوکا دیتی ہے۔

 

ہماری جلد نیلی روشنی کے مقابلے میں سرخ روشنی کو زیادہ گہرائی میں جذب کرتی ہے اور یہی چیز بصری دھوکے کا باعث بنتی ہے۔

 

یعنی اس روشنی کے نتیجے میں جلد کی سطح کے قریب رگیں نیلی روشنی کو آنکھوں کی جانب لوٹاتی ہیں اور وہ نیلی نظر آتی ہیں۔

 

یہ بھی پڑھیں :

جسم میں خون کی کمی کی 6 علامات

 

انسانی خون میں موجود آئرن پھیپھڑوں میں آکسیجن سے مل کر خون کو سرخ رنگ کا کردیتا ہے مگر کچھ جانوروں کے خون کی رنگت مختلف بھی ہوتی ہے۔

 

جیسے مکڑی کے خون میں آئرن کے مقابلے میں کاپر زیادہ ہوتی ہے جو آکسیجن سے ملتی ہے تو خون کی رنگت نیلی ہوجاتی ہے۔

 

اسی طرح کے کیمیائی ردعمل کے نتیجے میں کچھ جانوروں کا خون سبز رنگت اختیار کرلیتا ہے۔

 

تو خون آپ کے تصورات سے زیادہ رنگارنگ ہوتا ہے اور جہاں تک رگوں کے رنگ کی بات ہے تو وہ نظر کے دھوکے سے زیادہ کچھ نہیں۔

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Lower Extremity Weakness

The following interactive cases are designed for you to read and answer the questions in preparation for your coursework in neurology, as well as for your licensure preparation. Please proceed through each of the cases and determine the answers to the questions.

Slide 13: Case 1: Jane Has Lower Extremity Weakness

A 68-year-old female was admitted to the hospital due to an acute chest pain. She underwent cardiac catheterization and angioplasty through the right femoral artery.

She was referred to physical therapy one month later for evaluation of her right lower extremity weakness and numbness in her thigh. She described her pain as moderate in her groin and anterior thigh.

Slide 14: Case 1: Jane’s History

Her Medical History:

• One month ago, the patient underwent femoral catheterization and angioplasty with resulting lower extremity weakness, sensory changes, and groin pain.

• On the third day after her admission, a neurologic examination and a CT scan of her pelvis identified a right retroperitoneal hematoma involving the iliacus muscle extending to the iliac crest with surgical evacuation.

Social History:

• She is employed as an administrative assistant.

• She is divorced; has one daughter and two grandchildren.

• She enjoys entertaining and spending time with her grandchildren.

Medication:

• Her medications include Lovenox, Lipitor, and Metoprolol.

Family History:

• Her family history includes hypertension, cardiac disease, and diabetes.

Please stop and review the following:

1. What are the key findings from the history?

2. What is the anatomy and innervation of the iliacus?

3. Look up the medications involved and what they do in the body.

4. Describe why social history is important to the physical therapist.

Slide 15: Case 1: Jane’s Neurologist Report

Jane’s neurologic examination during her acute stay revealed complete paralysis of the right quadriceps and iliopsoas. Thigh adductors and ankle dorsiflexion were normal. The right knee jerk was absent. There was loss of touch and pain sensation over the anterior thigh and medial leg.

Please review the following before proceeding:

1. What nerves innervate the quadriceps and iliopsoas?

2. What nerves innervate the thigh adductors and ankle dorsiflexors?

3. What spinal cord level is responsible for the knee jerk?

4. What spinal cord levels provide sensation to the anterior thigh and medial leg?

Slide 16: Case 1: Jane’s PT Examination

Jane presents for her physical therapy examination with the following findings:

Vital Signs:

• Her blood pressure was 140/90.

• Heart rate, 80 beats per minute.

• Her skin was dry and had scales bilaterally on the lower extremities.

• Her endurance, she demonstrated shortness of breath with activity.

• Passive range of motion was within normal limits.

• Her mental status, she was alert and oriented and provided good history.

• Her cranial nerves were intact.

• Her tone was normal.

• Strength in the bilateral upper extremities was within normal limits.

• The right lower extremity, quadriceps, and iliopsoas were 3-/5.

• Right adductors and dorsiflexors were 5/5.

• Her reflexes, she was hyperreflexive at the right knee jerk.

• Coordination of the right lower extremity was impaired.

Slide 17: Case 1: Examination, Continued

Further physical therapy examination found:

1. Balance, sitting statically and dynamically within normal limits.

2. Good standing static balance and fair standing dynamic balance.

3. Jane ambulates with some loss of balance noted with self-recovery at community level distances on even surfaces.

4. Sensation was diminished, touch and pain, over the anterior thigh and medial leg.

Slide 18: Case 1: Jane's Goals

Jane’s goals were to return to independent ambulation on all surfaces and return to recreational activities including taking care of her grandchildren.

Slide 19: Case 1: Questions

Please answer the following question.

Which of the following nerves are responsible for this patient’s weakness in the quadriceps musculature?

A. Sciatic

B. Obturator

C. Femoral

D. Tibial

Slide 20: Case 1: Questions

Which of the following key signs in the right lower extremity indicate femoral neuropathy versus L4 radiculopathy?

A. Sparing of the right foot dorsiflexion

B. Sparing of right thigh adduction

C. Sparing of right foot plantar flexion

D. Sparing of right knee flexion

Slide 21: Case 1: Questions

Which nerve is responsible for the following pattern of weakness and sensory impairment?

1. 0/5 left tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus, 3/5 left foot evertors

2. Decreased pinprick sensation on the dorsum of the right foot especially pronounced in the web space between the second toes

When looking at this pattern of weakness and sensory impairment, is it:

A. Common peroneal nerve

B. Obturator nerve

C. Femoral nerve

D. Tibial nerve

Slide 22: Case 1: Questions

Which nerve is responsible for the following pattern of weakness and sensory impairment?

1. Diminished tone and S1 DTR, the right foot

2. 0/5 right tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus, right foot evertors, invertors and gastrocnemius, 3/5 power right hamstrings

3. Decreased light touch, pinprick, vibration, and joint proprioception in the right lateral calf and entire foot

Is it:

A. Tibial nerve

B. Obturator nerve

C. Femoral nerve

D. Sciatic nerve

Slide 23: Case 2: Sally Has Numbness and Pain with Pregnancy

Slide 24: Case 2: Sally’s Case Presentation

Sally is a 25-year-old female, who, one day after giving birth, developed a burning pain and numbness in her left lateral thigh, which increased when ambulating.

She was referred to physical therapy for evaluation of her left lower extremity pain and numbness in her thigh.

Slide 25: Case 2: Sally’s History

Sally’s medical history includes that she is a healthy 25-year-old female, who, one day after giving birth, developed a burning pain and numbness in her left lateral thigh, which increased when ambulating.

Her social history includes the fact that she’s married, and she plans to stay at home and care for her newborn.

The only medication she is currently taking is ibuprofen, and she has a family history of diabetes.

Please stop and review the following:

1. What are the key findings from the history?

2. Please look up the medications involved and what they do in the body.

3. What types of activities do you think will be required to care for a newborn?

Slide 26: Case 2: Sally’s PT Examination

Sally’s physical therapy examination findings are as follows:

Her vitals:

• Blood pressure 115/75.

• Heart rate, 65 beats per minute.

• Her skin was unremarkable.

• No endurance or fatigue was noted during the evaluation.

• Range of motion was within normal limits.

• She is alert and oriented with intact cranial nerves, normal muscle tone.

• Her strength, reflexes, and coordination were all within normal limits.

Slide 27: Case 2: Examination, Continued

Additional examination findings include normal balance, gait, but diminished sensation to light touch and pinprick, and cold on the right lateral thigh. Pain was initially described as burning, rated 3/10 at rest and 6/10 with ambulation.

Slide 28: Case 2: Patient Goals

Sally’s physical therapy goal is to have her leg feel normal and have no pain in her right thigh in order to care for her child.

Slide 29: Case 2: Questions

Please answer the following question:

Which of the following nerve roots should be considered in the differential diagnosis as a source of the patient’s key signs and symptoms?

A. L1 myotome

B. L2 myotome

C. L3 myotome

D. L4 myotome

E. Both B and C myotomes

Slide 30: References

• Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. Principles of Neural Science. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000.

• Schuenke M, Schulte E, Shumaker U. Thieme Atlas of Anatomy. New York, NY: Thieme; 2006: 470-471.

• Seigal A, Sapru HN. Essential Neuroscience. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.

• Blumenfeld, H. Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates; 2002.

• Goodman C, Fuller K, et al. Pathology Implications for the Physical Therapist. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders; 2008.

• Hoppenfeld S. Physical Examination of the Spine and Extremities. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall; 197

Sun is an important source for the extraction of Vitamin “D”. Sunlight contains vitamins other than Vitamin D as well and every vitamin is related to some color.VITAMIN                                                                    COLOR

VITAMIN A                                                        YELLOW COLOR

VITAMIN B                                                        GREEN COLOR

VITAMIN C                                                        LEMON COLOR

VITAMIN D                                                        VIOLET COLOR

VITAMIN E                                                        VIOLET COLOR

VITAMIN K                                                        DARK BLUE COLOR

The Best way of absorbing colors is to use fruits, vegetables and citrus things. The sunlight is directly absorbed in fruits and vegetables but we have to take care of color balance in our diet, by over cooking and frying a lot the colors in nutrition are lost.

What is Sinusitis?

Sinusitis is the result of an inflammation or infection to one ormore of the para-nasal sinus cavities. These are small, air-filled cavities ofbone located in the skull and are positioned around the nose, above and behind theeyes. 

Studies have shown that 39 million Americans suffer with sinusitisyearly; it has become one of the most common health conditions affectingAmericans.

Index

1.    What isSinusitis and how does it affect the four sinus cavities?

2.    What arethe Causes and Risk Factors of Sinusitis?

3.    Threetypes of sinusitis

1.    Acute Sinusitis

2.    Chronic Sinusitis

3.    Recurrent Sinusitis

What is Sinusitis and how does it affect the four sinus cavities?

The term sinusitis means an inflammation of one or more of thesinus cavities. 

When an irritation or allergy is inhaled through the nose it often lands on themucus membranes surrounding the sinus cavities. These membranes are highlysensitive and can become irritated very easily. When this happens, the mucusmembranes begin to swell and become thick. They also start to produce moremucus.

Any thickening in these areas can result in the narrowing of theexit pathways or ostia making it difficult for mucus to drain freely. As mucusbecomes trapped and builds up in the sinus cavities tremendous pressure, painand headaches can be felt.

It is this blocked or trapped mucus that is the main reason whyone develops sinusitis or sinus infections (acute, chronic or recurrent) as anyaccumulated mucus can become a haven for bacteria propagation and growth.

Fever and fatigue are two of the body’s natural, systematic ways to signal aninflammation of one or more of the mucus membranes when they become invaded bybacteria.

In very rare cases, untreated sinusitis can spread towards the back of the headaffecting the brain and becoming life threatening.

Sinusitis can be classified based on which sinus cavities itaffects:

Antritis is a type of sinusitis which occurs when only the maxillary sinus cavities are inflamed. It is also known as maxillary sinusitis and can be identified as chronic, acute or sub-acute.Ethmoiditis occurs when the ethmoid sinus cavities become infected and can occur chronically or on an acute basis. Another name for ethmoiditis is ethmoid sinusitis.Sphenoiditis, which is alsoknown as sphenoid sinusitis can present itself as chronic sinusitis but more often than not, is an acute infection.Frontal sinusitis occurs when your frontal sinus cavities become infected. These infections can be acute or chronic.

What are the causes and Risk Factors of Sinusitis?

Causes of Sinusitis include:

Air pollutantsAllergiesUntreated cold or fluA viral infection of the upper respiratory tractFungal infections as these weaken the immune systemUntreated bacterial infections. The following are the main bacteria culprits: Streptococcus pneumonia, Moraxella catarrhal is and Homophiles influenza.The following can increase your risk of developing sinusitis:

Constant use of decongestant nasal spraysSmokingSwimmingDivingAlcoholPetsRecurrent flu and colds symptoms.AllergiesStress 

There are three types of sinusitis

1. AcuteSinusitis

When an infection lasts for up to three weeks it is often a sign that it has becomeacute and can be referred to as acute sinusitis.

How can I treat acutesinusitis?

Treating Acute Sinusitis before it becomes more serious is easywith SinusWars. Simply try the SinusWars14 Remedy today.

The SinusWars14 Remedy is an All-Natural Homeopathic Remedy thathelps treat Acute Sinusitis, its underlying symptoms and helps build yourimmune system to prevent the recurrence of acute sinus infections.

SinusWars14 treats Acute Sinusitis by:

Clearing sinus congestionTreating Sinus Infections and SinusitisTreating Post Nasal DripAssisting with HalitosisHelping reduce pressure and headachesRelieving RhinitisPromoting liver and general gastric functionStimulating the lymphatic system, thereby aiding in the elimination of toxinsRestoring normal bowel function2. Chronic Sinusitis

Chronic sinusitis is one of the most common chronic illnesses thatpeople visit hospitals for and is often treated with the use of antibiotics.

What is ChronicSinusitis?

Chronic sinusitis is a sinus infection that usually lastsfor more than 3 weeks. This condition can continue for monthsand even years.

What causes Chronic sinusitis?

Allergies and bacterial infections are the main causes of Chronic Sinusitis.The overuse of antibiotics and cortisone sprays have led to more infectious forms of bacteria forming as well as new fungal infections of the sinus cavities.Asthma and allergic disorders often cause chronic inflammation to the nasal mucosa. This type of inflammation is the main contributor to the development of Chronic Sinusitis.Frequent use of medications can cause:

The development of drug resistant sinusitis.Chronic usage of nasal sprays causes’ drying up of the sinuses initially which is seen as a “good sign”, however over time this leads to rebound congestion.Rebound congestion can result in the development of mucus blockage, a pressure sensation in the sinuses, fever, poor sleep, headaches and post nasal drip.A change in normal sinus mucosa make-up resulting in a chronic debilitating illness.Symptoms of Chronic Sinusitis include:

Chronic sore throat and halitosis (Bad Breath)Restlessness and discomfort throughout the dayBlocked nasal passages and congestionPersistent headachesThick, green mucusA dry, fuzzy and thick tongueHeavy pressure experienced in the facial regionDID YOU KNOW: A recent study has shown that 20% of patients with chronicsinusitis may develop nasal polyps. Nasal polyps are cyst-like growths thatdevelop from sinus tissue. These growths can cause the sinus cavities to becomeblocked, leading to further complications.

How can I treat Chronic sinusitis?

SinusWars8 is an All-Natural Homeopathic Remedy designed totreat Chronic Sinusitis. It contains 100% natural ingredients to help buildimmunity towards future infections. Clickhere to view how Sinuswars8 works on your condition

3. Recurrent Sinusitis

Recurrent Sinusitis occurs when one has had several separate sinusinfection attacks during the year.

These sinus infections often clear up, only to have them recurrepeatedly throughout the year, and are caused mainly by an allergic reactionto varying weather conditions, animal hair, dust mites, mold, pollen etc

Bacterial Vaginosis:

This is a bacterial infection in women where the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina is disrupted and replaced by an overgrowth of certain bacteria. The patient experiences a foul smelling vaginal discharge with pain, itching and burning. Having Bacterial Vaginosis increases your susceptibility to HIV infection if exposed to HIV virus.

Chancroid:

This is a highly contagious sexually transmitted bacterial infection that causes painful sores and ulcers of the genitals. If left untreated they can make the transmission of HIV infection easier.

Chlamydia:

Chlamydia is a most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection that can scar the Fallopian tubes affecting a woman’s ability to have children. Chlamydia may cause an unusual burning, itching and discharge from vagina or penis, pain during urination, pain in lower abdomen, pain during sexual intercourse, bleeding between menstrual periods, mild fever, muscle aches or headache. If left untreated in young girls it can lead to Pelvic Inflammatory disease which can further cause infertility. If left untreated in men it causes inflammation of the urethra and epididymis that helps transport sperms. Crabs: These are small parasites found on pubic hair and can get passed on during sexual contact. The only symptom the person might experience is itching in the pubic area.

Gonorrhea:

This is a bacterial infection of the penis, vagina or anus that causes pain or burning while urinating with a yellow-green or yellow-white pus discharge. If left untreated girls may also experience vaginal bleeding betweenperiods and Pelvic Inflammatory disease with pain, fever and pain during sexual intercourse and infertility in both men and women. This can be passed from a mother to her baby during birth causing meningitis and an eye infection that can result in blindness in newborns if left untreated. Gonorrhea can affect other organs and parts of the body including the throat, eyes, heart, brain, skin, and joints. Hepatitis B: This is a disease that affects the liver and moves from one person to another through blood and other bodily fluids. It can be transmitted through sexual intercourse and through needles that are shared by intravenous drug or steroid users who have the virus, or tattoo needles that haven’t been properly sterilized. A pregnant woman can also pass Hepatitis B to her unborn baby. This infection can cause symptoms similar to viral infections, such as the flu, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, mild fever and jaundice. If left untreated it can lead to liver damage and an increased risk of liver cancer.

Herpes:

Genital herpes is a skin condition that can cause cold sores or fever blisters that appear on or around the mouth, lips, nose or genitals. It can be transmitted by unprotected sexual contact, sharing eating utensils or from kissing someone with a cold sore. The affected area may feel very tender or painful, and the individual may have flu-like symptoms including fever and swollen lymph nodes. Herpes increases the risk of HIV infection through herpes sores during unprotected sexual contact. A pregnant woman can give it to her newborn during childbirth, leading to meningitis, seizures and brain damage in newborns. Human Papillomavirus: This is a virus that affects the skin in the genital area as well as the female cervix through sexual contact and from mother to her baby during childbirth. There is a development of warts in the genital area, including the thighs. Warts can be whitish or flesh colored growths, raised or flat, single or many, small or large, and sometimes they are cauliflower-shaped. People often are asymptomatic from genital warts which is why people may not know they have them. Pap smears and other tests can help diagnose a Human Papillomavirus infection. Genital Warts if left untreated may cause Cervical Cancer.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID):

This is an infection of the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix or ovaries by Chlamydia, Gonorrhea or other bacteria. PID is very common in teens with symptoms like pain and tenderness in the lower abdomen, large amounts of foul-smelling or abnormally colored discharge, pain during sexual intercourse, painful and heavy menstrual periods, chills, fever, vomiting, fatigue, loss of appetite, backache and urinary complaints. If PID goes untreated, it can lead to internal scarring further resulting in chronic pelvic pain, infertility, tubal or ectopic pregnancy.

Syphilis:

This is a bacterial infection that can spread throughout the body and affect the heart, brain, nerves. This infection is passed from one infected person to another through direct contact with a syphilis sore. Sores can occur on the external genitals, vagina, anus, in the rectum, on the lips and in the mouth. Pregnant women with the disease can pass it to their babies. Untreated Syphilis can cause impotency in males, damage to internal organs and joints, the syphilitic sores also make it easier to transmit and acquire HIV infection sexually.

is a feeling of apprehension and fear characterized by physical symptoms such aspalpitations, sweating, irritability, and feelings ofstress. Anxiety disorders are serious medical illnesses that affect approximately 19 million American adults. In fact, anxiety disorders as a group are the most common mental illness in America. Children and adolescents can also develop anxiety disorders.

These disorders fill people's lives with overwhelming anxiety and fear. Unlike the relatively mild, brief anxiety caused by a stressful event such as a business presentation or a first date, anxiety disorders are chronic, relentless, and can grow progressively worse if not treated. People who suffer from anxiety disorders typically struggle with difficult symptoms such as agitation, feeling "uptight," worry, and apprehension on a daily basis. These disturbing symptoms can become so severe that they interfere with normal daily activities.

For additional symptoms and signs, please visit our Symptom Checker index.

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Allergies

The word allergy is derived from the Greek words "also" meaning "other than" and "ergon" meaning "reaction". So an allergy can be defined as a disorder that involves the immune system response of the body. Due to this disorder our immune system is at times hypersensitive to otherwise harmless foreign substances (dust, pollen, grass etc.) that invade the body.

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How does our immune system work?

Our immune system is usually a well-trained biological warfare unit for the body. The immune system is able to identify and destroy many foreign invaders, as well as cells that are infected internally with viruses.

The immune system sometimes makes a mistake with allergies and this result in a hypersensitive immune system. When this happens the immune system misidentifies a harmless substance as harmful, and then attacks the substance with fierceness far greater than required.

It is usually difficult to tell the difference between a cold and an allergy attack, because the symptoms can be very similar. If your symptoms last more than 2 weeks, you might have an allergy instead of a cold.

General symptoms:

Although allergies can mimic almost any sickness, the following symptoms may still represent some form of an allergic reaction. If you or your child experience a combination of the following symptoms, you might have allergies:

• Nasal congestion

• Itching

• Sneezing

• Sudden drop of energy

• Heart palpitations

• Fluid retention

• Irritability

• Pain of unknown origin

• Any form of mental disturbance

• Confusion

• Dizziness

• Abnormal sweating

• Absentmindedness

• Headaches

• Muscle pains

• Joint aches

• Sleep difficulties

• Food intolerances

• Gut problems

Don't wait or expect these symptoms to vanish. See your physician for a proper diagnosis.

Different kinds of allergies -

Allergies can be broadly categorized into two completely separate classes as immediate hypersensitivity and delayed hypersensitivity.

• Immediate hypersensitivity

This represents a very quick reaction of the immune system to harmless foreign substances, typically taking 5 to 15 minutes to become really obvious.

Immediate hypersensitivity is a common kind of allergy which causes hayfever, allergic asthma, food allergy and some drug allergy.

• Delayed hypersensitivity

This is a much slower reaction of the immune system, usually taking two or more days to manifest. This class of allergy is typified by peeling rash called contact dermatitis that people get from jewelry, watches or clothing items.

It can also be caused by cosmetics, medical plasters or a variety of other things which you come in contact with.

Some of the common allergens include -

• Dust mites (tiny insects that live in dust)

• A protein found in the dander (dry skin human/pets)

• Pollen (grass, flower and Tree)

• Mold and mildew

• Foods (milk, wheat, soy, eggs, nuts, seafood, peas, beans and peanuts)

Allergies are not only bothersome, but many have been linked to a variety of common and serious chronic sicknesses such as sinusitis and asthma. These are the following symptoms of an allergy:

• Sneezing

• Runny nose

• Itchy eyes

• Itchy ears

• A sore throat

These are some of the symptoms of a food allergy:

• Hives

• Stuffy nose

• Stomach cramps

• Vomiting

• Diarrhea

• Irritated skin

Although most of us may be born with a genetic susceptibility to become allergic to a substance, we are not automatically allergic to some allergens. There are several factors that may result in allergic sensitivity -

• The specific inherent biological genes.

• The exposure to one or more allergens to which you have a genetically programmed response.

• The extent and degree of exposure.

• After inflammation the mucosal linings become more porous